4-Letter Countries
There are 11 countries that have four-letter names: Chad, Cuba, Fiji, Iran, Iraq, Laos, Mali, Niue, Oman, Peru, and Togo. Each of these countries has an interesting story attached to their name, often ingrained in the culture. This article looks at these four-letter-named nations and what makes them unique.
Chad
Chad lies in North/Central Africa, bordering nations such as Sudan, Niger, and Libya. The country’s official name is the Republic of Chad, commonly known by its four-letter version, Chad. The name comes from Lake Chad, one of the most significant geographical features of the region. The name of the lake itself is derived from the Kanuri word Tsade or Tshad, which means "large expanse of water" or "lake." Along with giving its name to the country, Lake Chad is also rich in aquatic resources, promoting fishing, agriculture, and biodiversity. Apart from the lake, the country features the Sahara Desert in the north, a stark contrast in geography.
The region now known as Chad has a history dating back to the 7th millennium BC when humans first settled it. Since then, many empires have risen and fallen, and it was even conquered by the French in 1920. Today, Chad is a developing country, with crude oil exports sustaining the economy. The capital and largest city is N’Djamena, which is home to 807,000 people. It is also the economic center of Chad, featuring industries like meat, fish, and cotton processing, as well as a port along the Chari River. In terms of religion, Islam is the most practiced, with several mosques throughout the nation.
Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island nation in the Caribbean region. It is known for its vast tourism and is one of the most popular destinations in the region. The name Cuba has a bit of mystery behind it, as historians do not have a definitive origin. That said, the name is believed to come from the Taíno language. According to this theory, Cuba means "where fertile land is abundant," a testament to the region’s scenic nature and rich agriculture.
The country is one of the most beautiful nations in the world, with endless beaches, wetlands, and cultural landmarks. Spanning over 42,800 square miles, with 10 million residents as of 2025, it is the largest country by area and third largest by population in the Caribbean. Cuba also boasts a rich history, from the early Taíno people to Spanish colonization in the 15th century and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. To this end, a strong heritage and culture is palpable throughout, especially in the capital, Havana. Once a hub for pirates, this city features landmarks such as El Morro Castle, Habana Vieja, and Plaza Vieja, each offering a unique insight into the past.
Fiji
Fiji, a little over 1,000 km from Niue, is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean, part of Oceania. The nation consists of an archipelago with over 330 islands, out of which nearly 110 are inhabited. The name Fiji, which instantly links people to island scenery today, actually comes from the name of the main island, Viti Levu. When Fijians met Europeans in the nearby nation of Tonga, native Tongans called the main island “Fisi.” This unique pronunciation was then used by Captain James Cook, who called the set of islands “Fiji,” and the name stuck.
Fiji’s unique island structure was majorly formed by volcanic activity over 100 million years ago. Today, the island is one of the most developed economies in the region, with abundant natural resources, a strong tourism industry, and bottled water exports. The nation’s capital, Suva, is the most populous city and lies on the main island of Viti Levu. The city showcases a mix of modern and historic architecture, from WG Friendship Plaza Suva, the tallest building in the country, to the Government House, a Georgian mansion from 1928.
Iran
One of the most popular nations on this list, Iran, is located in West Asia, along the Persian Gulf. While its official name is the Islamic Republic of Iran, the country’s shortened name is quite meaningful. Derived from Middle Persian, Iran means "the land of the Aryans." As Iranians are considered Aryans, this name translates to "land of the Iranians," which fits the country perfectly. The name also holds immense history, with references dating back to 1000 BC, during which the region was referred to as Persia. It wasn’t until 1935 that the name was officially changed; however, many people still refer to Iranian goods, animals, and literature as Persian.
Along with its name, Iran is just as culturally rich as an Islamic republic with a strong Muslim population. It houses one of the world’s oldest continuous civilizations and has seen many invasions, from the Macedonians to the Mongols. Despite this, Iran has continued to grow since 4000 BC and is now a significant power in the region. The country has large fossil fuel reserves and a strong military capability, strengthening its position. Moreover, it is an important religious center for Shia Islam, deepening community ties.
As of 2025, Iran has a population of nearly 86 million people across an area of 1,648,195 sq km (636,372 sq mi). The capital city, Tehran, is a bustling metropolis with a strong economic presence. Nearly 50% of Iran’s large industrial companies are located here, and it is also a shopping and tourism hub. Tourism thrives thanks to landmarks such as the National Museum, Golestan Palace, and Azadi Tower. Moreover, with the Alborz mountain range in the background, Iran is both a beautiful name and a beautiful destination.
Iraq
The Republic of Iraq, known as Iraq, is a West Asian country bordering Saudi Arabia and Iran, among other nations. It spans 169,235 square miles (438,317 square km) and is a prominent Muslim nation. The origin of the country’s name is often debated, as various origin theories exist. The most common is that the name is derived from the Sumerian City of Uruk, which dates back to the 4th millennium BC. Another theory credits Middle Persian, believing the name comes from the word erāg, which means “lowlands.” The last major theory links Iraq to the Arabic word irāq, meaning “fertile” or “deep-rooted.”
Along with its unique name, Iraq also has a vast heritage and rich past. Known as Mesopotamia in the 6th millennium BC, many significant civilizations like Sumer, Akkad, and Assyria have thrived here. The region is responsible for various inventions like the writing system, navigation, and the calendar, giving it the title “Cradle of Civilization.” Today, Iraq is home to 46 million people and has a strong agricultural, oil and gas, and tourism industry. The capital and largest city, Baghdad, is one of the most populous in the region and a prominent place in the Muslim world. Notable landmarks include the Qushla, an Ottoman site; Al-Shaheed Monument, a war monument; and Al-Kadhimiyya Mosque, a Shi’a Islamic religious site.
Laos
Laos is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia with quite a simple meaning behind its name. Officially the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lao people are the primary ethnic group, and the name Laos is simply the plural of the Lao people. The name was given by the French, who united three Lao kingdoms in 1893, playing a vital role in shaping the nation as it is today. However, the country’s history is much older than its name and was once home to the kingdom of Lan Xang, one of the largest in Southeast Asia. While the kingdom eventually fell, much of the heritage, traditions, and artifacts remain, promoting tourism in the country.
The capital city of Laos is Vientiane, a hub of historic architecture and culture in the region. Landmarks range from Patuxai, a war monument commemorating those who fought with the French, to Wat Si Saket, a Buddhist wat. As China borders Laos and has deep ties with the French, many religions and traditions are practiced here. Outside the capital, the country features rugged terrain with steep mountains and lush forests.
Mali
Mali, officially known as the Republic of Mali, is the eighth-largest country in Africa, covering 478,841 square miles (1,240,192 square km). It shares borders with nations such as Niger, Algeria, and Burkina Faso and serves as an important economic and geographical hub in the continent. The name Mali carries historical significance, meaning "the place where the king lives." It originates from the Mali Empire, the largest empire in West Africa during the 13th century. Along with the Mali Empire, the region has also been home to other powerful states, including the Ghana Empire and the Songhai Empire, which played key roles in African history.
Today, Mali has a population of over 23 million, with many residing in its capital, Bamako. The city serves as the country's administrative and economic center, featuring notable landmarks such as the BCEAO Tower, the tallest building in West Africa, and the National Museum of Mali, which highlights local history and culture. The Grand Mosque of Bamako is another prominent landmark, catering to the country’s large Muslim population.
Geographically, Mali is diverse, with the arid Sahara Desert in the north and the Sudanian savanna in the south, where agricultural activities are prevalent. The Niger and Senegal Rivers provide vital water sources, supporting farming and fishing industries. Additionally, Mali is one of Africa’s largest producers of gold, an industry that is significant to the region’s economy.
Niue
Niue is a self-governing island territory in the South Pacific Ocean that is in free association with New Zealand. It is one of the world’s largest coral islands, and the primary inhabitants are Polynesians. The name Niue, or Niuē, in native Niuean, translates as “behold the coconut.” However, the traditional name of the island is “Rock of Polynesia,” which brought about its modern nickname, “The Rock.” The island was also called “Savage Island” for a few years in 1774, as this was the name given by Captain James Cook, the first European to visit. He supposedly came to this name as the locals he met were painted in what seemed like blood.
Along with its interesting name, Niue is also geographically unique. The 101 square miles (262 square km) island is split between a higher level of limestone cliffs and a lower level of coastal areas that end at cliffs along the coast. Nearly the entire island is surrounded by coral reefs, with some of the most diverse underwater life in the region. Due to its small size, Niue has a population of less than 2,000 people, according to recent estimates. The population is divided into 14 villages, governed by a council and elected chairperson. While there may not be many locals, tourism abounds, and plenty of people visit year-round for the sandy beaches and natural allure.
Oman
Officially the Sultanate of Oman, Oman is a West Asian country that borders Saudia Arabia, the UAE, and Yemen. The name Oman has a deep-rooted history and is likely one of the oldest on this list. That said, scholars still debate on its exact origin, and many theories exist. The most common belief is that the name is many centuries old, derived from the Arabic word āmin or ʿamūn, which means ‘settled’ people. Another theory claims that the name may come from the leader of a tribe who settled in the region, such as Oman bin Ibrahim, who migrated from Yemen in the 6th century BCE.
While the name is debated, the country’s rich history is undoubted. It has been under the Omani Sultanate since the 17th century, making it the oldest continuously independent state in the Arab world. Today, Oman is one of the most prominent Islamic nations, with a population of over 5 million people. The country’s economy is boosted by major industries like tourism and agriculture, with Omani dates being sought after worldwide. The capital city of Oman is Muscat, a bustling metropolis and the seat of government. The city lies along the Arabian Sea, providing beautiful natural views and religious landmarks like Old Muscat and the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque.
Peru
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in South America that spans the western coast along the Pacific Ocean. The name Peru has multiple possible origins. One theory suggests it comes from a Quechua word meaning "land of abundance," a reference to the immense wealth and resources of the Inca civilization, which ruled the region for centuries. Another theory traces the name to Birú, a local ruler near the Bay of San Miguel in present-day Panama. In the early 16th century, Spanish conquistadors mistakenly believed this area marked the southernmost part of the New World, leading them to associate the name with lands farther south.
Peru is a country of incredible geographic and cultural diversity, from the arid coastal plains to the towering Andes and the lush Amazon rainforest. It is perhaps best known for its ancient heritage, particularly the ruins of Machu Picchu, the famed Incan citadel that draws visitors from around the world. The capital city, Lima, is a thriving metropolis where colonial architecture meets modern industry. It is also a global culinary hotspot, home to renowned restaurants serving ceviche and other traditional dishes. With a population of over 34 million as of 2025, Peru continues to be a significant economic and cultural hub in South America.
Togo
Togo, or the Togolese Republic, is another West African nation located east of Ghana. It is one of the smaller nations in the region, with an area of 22,000 square miles (57,000 square km) and a width of less than 115 km. Regarding its name, Togo comes from the Ewe language and etymologically translates to “on the other side of the river.” In this case, the river is believed to be Lake Togo, an essential body of water for ancient civilizations. The Ewe people themselves were one of three major tribes who settled in the region between the 11th and 16th centuries. Even today, the majority of people in Togo are of Ewe ethnicity.
Togo has an estimated population of over 8 million, with over 2 million living in Lomé, the capital. While most of the country is quite rural, this city is somewhat urbanized, with buildings like the Sacred Heart Cathedral and the Palace of the Governors. Regarding geography, Togo is a tropical nation in the Sub-Saharan region. Agriculture thrives here, with coffee, cocoa, and oil palm kernels being the top exports.
Despite their short names, these countries hold rich histories and cultural significance. From Iran and Iraq, home to ancient civilizations, to Fiji and Peru, with their stunning landscapes, each nation offers something unique. Mali and Togo reflect Africa’s deep-rooted heritage, while Niue stands as a remote paradise. Whether shaped by geography, history, or language, their names tell a story of resilience and identity. Though brief in letters, these nations are anything but small in character, each offering a world of history, culture, and natural beauty.
